Surgical Treatment. Table of Contents

Peptic strictures of the esophagus Christopher M. Schlachta, Eric C. Poulin, Joseph Mamazza, and Pieter A. Seshadri.

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Management

Mallory-Weiss Syndrome

Diagnosis and pathogenesis

Therapy

References

Instrumental perforation of the esophagus Jarmo A. Salo and Eero I.T. Sihvo.

Causes

Pathogenesis

Prognosis

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

II. Stomach-Duodenum

Preoperative staging for gastric cancer J. R. Siewert and A. Sendler.

Primary tumor, T-category

Nodal involvement, N-category

Distant metastases - M-category

References

Surgical management of gastric cancer Simon Msika, Grégoire Deroide, and Reza Kianmanesh.

Surgical treatment

Non surgical treatment

References

Surgery for gastric remnant carcinoma following Billroth II gastrectomy L. Filez and F. Penninckx.

Definition

Incidence

Pathogenesis

Symptoms

Diagnosis

Staging

Treatment

Complications

Prognosis

Prevention

References

Malignant tumors of the duodenum Pierre-Louis Fagniez and Nelly Rotman.

Incidence

Clinical presentation

Diagnosis

Preoperative staging

Treatment

Prognostic assessment

References

Primary gastric lymphoma V. Speranza and D. Lomanto.

Introduction

Pathology

Staging

Clinical signs and diagnosis

Prognostic factors

Therapeutic modalities

Controversies

Eradication Therapy

Conclusions

References

Benign tumors of the duodenum and stomach Peter M.Y. Goh and Jorge E. Lenzi.

Introduction

Classification

Presenting symptoms and diagnosis

Treatment Options

References

Management of perforated duodenal ulcer Andrew G. Hill.

Introduction

Pathogenesis and epidemiology

Diagnosis

Risk Stratification

Treatment

Conclusion

References

Gastric surgery for morbid obesity Edward E. Mason.

Weight control mechanisms

HCl and stomal ulceration

The informed patient and operative choice

Malnutrition avoidance; emesis no, anamnesis yes

References

Duodenal diverticula Jerry M. Shuck and Anthony Stallion.

Clinical implications

Surgical implications

Surgical challenges

Conclusions

References

III. Small Bowel

Adenocarcinoma of the small bowel Alfred I. Neugut, Michael R. Marvin, and John A. Chabot.

Introduction

Incidence

Etiology

Clinical presentation and diagnosis

Stage/grade distributions

Treatment

Conclusions

References

Small bowel obstruction M. N. Kulaylat and R. J. Doerr.

Definition, classification, and etiology

Pathophysiologic changes

Diagnosis of acute small bowel obstruction

Treatment of acute small bowel obstruction

References

Mesenteric ischemia Ulf Haglund.

Definition, pathogenesis and epidemiology

Clinical stages

Diagnosis

Treatment

References:

Surgical management of Crohn's disease Scott A. Strong.

Introduction

Classifications, operative incidence, and operative indications

Operative options

Conclusions

References

Surgical therapy of recurrent Crohn's disease H.J. Buhr and A.J. Kroesen.

Definition of recurrence

Factors influencing recurrence

Surgical principals in recurrent Crohn's disease

Conclusion

References

Meckel's diverticulum Anthony Stallion and Jerry M. Shuck.

Epidemiology

Embryology and anatomy

Clinical presentation

Diagnosis

Management

Conclusion

References

Postoperative enterocutaneous fistula Timothy A. Pritts, David R. Fischer, and Josef E. Fischer.

Introduction

Definition and classification

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

Short bowel syndrome Malcolm K. Robinson and Douglas W. Wilmore.

Definition and pathogenesis

Initial treatment and nutritional management

Growth factors

Surgical treatments and intestinal transplantation

Designing a treatment plan based on predicted outcome

Conclusion

References

Intestinal transplantation Christoph Troppmann and Rainer W.G. Gruessner.

Introduction

Intestinal failure and indications for intestinal and multivisceral transplantation

Contraindications

Preoperative evaluation

Operative technique (basic steps)

Postoperative management

Immunosuppression

Posttransplant complications

Clinical intestinal transplant outcome

References

IV. Colon

Colorectal cancer A. Shankar and I. Taylor.

Incidence

Screening

Surgical treatment of colorectal cancer

Emergency surgery

Adjuvant treatment

Advanced disease

Liver resection

Conclusion

References

Surgical management of rectal carcinoma Lars Påhlman.

Introduction

Local control

Functional outcome

Conclusion

References

Locoregional recurrence of rectal cancer Johan N. Wiig and Odd Søreide.

Definition, reporting and extent of disease

Natural history of LR

Detection and preoperative assessment

Treatment

Conclusion

References

Benign tumors of the colon and rectum M. Zuber and F. Harder.

NON-NEOPLASTIC POLYPS

Hyperplastic polyps

Inflammatory polyps

Lymphoid polyps

NEOPLASTIC EPITHELIAL POLYPS

Mesenchymal lesions

Neuroma

Angioma

References

Diverticulitis Moshe Schein and Ramesh Paladugn.

Introduction

Pathophysiology

Clinical manifestation

Level of evidence

Diagnosis

Non operative treatment

Management of ‘diverticular abscesses'

Emergency surgery for acute diverticulitis

Emerging therapies

After the emergency

Conclusions

References

Obstruction of the colon (benign pathology) J.J. Tuech, P. Pessaux, and J.P. Arnaud.

Volvulus of the colon

Sigmoid diverticulitis

Others

References

Surgical management of ulcerative colitis F.A. Frizelle and M.J. Burt.

Introduction

Indications for surgery

Surgical options

Special circumstances

Conclusion

References

Lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding: a problem based approach J Martin Perez and Stephen M. Cohn.

Clinical presentation

History and physical examination

Diagnosis and therapeutics

References

Management of complications of colonoscopy Stephen M. Kavic and Marc D. Basson.

Perforation

Hemorrhage

Diagnosis

Management

Conclusion

References

Appendicitis Per-Olof Nyström.

Introduction

Increasing the diagnostic accuracy

Clinical diagnosis of appendicitis

Specific components of the appendectomy

Antibiotic prophylaxis and therapy

Primary closure of the wound or delayed

The appendix stump

Laparoscopic appendectomy

Comments

References

V. Anal

Anal fissure M. Jonas and J.H. Scholefield.

Introduction

Pathogenesis

Treatment

The future

References

Rectal prolapse Christian T. Hamel and Steven D. Wexner.

Definition, pathogenesis

Diagnosis

Differential diagnosis

Conclusion

References

Anal abscess and fistula H.J. Mappes and E.H. Farthmann.

Classification and pathological anatomy

Symptoms

Diagnosis

Therapy

Anal fistula

Transsphincteric fistulae

Extrasphincteric fistulae

Recto-vaginal fistulae

References

Complicated anorectal sepsis P.A. Gervaz and S.D. Wexner.

Introduction

Anorectal sepsis in Crohn's disease

Surgical management

Anorectal sepsis in AIDS

Anorectal sepsis in patients with hematologic diseases

Postoperative anorectal sepsis

References

Anal incontinence Charles B.S. Tsang and Francis Seow-Choen.

Introduction

The continence mechanism

Causes of anal incontinence

Current treatment of anal incontinence

Conclusion

References

Surgical Treatment of Haemorrhoids René G. Holzheimer.

Classification

Pathogenesis

Symptoms

Differential diagnosis

Treatment options for haemorrhoids include:

Treatment modalities for haemorrhoids

Additional treatment for haemorrhoids

References

VI. Hepatic

Hepatocellular cancer: resection or transplantation Galal El-Gazzaz, Janek Dmitrewski, and Paul McMaster.

Resection or transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma

Conclusions

References

Multimodality treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma Zhao-You Tang.

General consideration of HCC

Staging of HCC

Evolution of HCC treatment

Selection of treatment modality

Implication of multimodality combination treatment for HCC

HAL combined with HAI and followed by resection

TACE and followed by resection

Resection followed by TACE and other treatment

Multimodality treatment of recurrent HCC

TACE, PEI and their combination

Other treatment modalities

Conclusion

References

Resection of recurrent liver cancer W. Lamadé and Ch. Herfarth.

Tumor recurrence after resection of liver metastases

Interval between the resection of the primary tumor and liver metastases surgery

Interval between liver resection and recurrent liver metastases

Tumor spread at the time of liver metastases recurrence

Factors influencing the rate of recurrence

Perioperative effects on recurrence rates

Recurrence after repeat hepatic resection

Hepatic recurrence in patients with non-colorectal primary tumors

Surgical technique

Morbidity and mortality

Long-term survival after repeat resection of liver metastases

Prognostic criteria after first and second liver metastases resection

Conclusion

References

Repeat hepatectomy for primary liver cancer R. Adam, G. Marin-Hargreaves, D. Azoulay, D. Castaing, F. Meriggi, and H. Bismuth.

Introduction

Frequency of recurrence

Diagnosis of recurrence

Prevention of recurrence

Repeat liver resection

Conclusion

References

Percutaneous cryosurgery of irresectable liver tumors R. Adam, G. M.a.r.i.n. Hargreaves, F. Meriggi, and H. Bismuth.

Introduction

History and principles

Cryosurgery technique

Specific aspects of percutaneous cryosurgery

Indications

Results

Complications

Conclusion

References

Liver transplantation I. M. Sauer, W. O. Bechstein, and P. Neuhaus.

Definition, indications and contraindications for liver transplantation

Preoperative evaluation

Operative technique in liver transplantation

Postoperative management

Comment

References

Portal hypertension John C. Li and J.M. Henderson.

Historical perspective

Anatomy and physiology

Pathophysiology

Ascites

Budd-Chiari syndrome

References

Pyogenic and amebic liver abscess Iskender Sayek and Demirali Onat.

Pyogenic abscess

Amebic liver abscess

References

Hydatid liver disease Jean-Luc Jourdan and David L. Morris.

Biology and epidemiology

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prevention

References

VII. Bilary

Cholangiocarcinoma Bryan M. Clary, William R. Jarnagin, and Leslie H. Blumgart.

Introduction

Demographics and Etiology

Pathology

Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis

Treatment

References

Klatskin tumors Keith D. Lillemoe.

Definition, pathogenesis and epidemiology

Diagnosis and Staging

Surgical Treatment

Adjuvant therapy

Conclusion

References

Primary sclerosing cholangitis J. E.J. Krige, P. C. Bornman, and J. Terblanche.

Definition

Incidence

Pathogenesis

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation

Biochemical abnormalities

Cholangiography

Pathology

Medical therapy

Endoscopic treatment

Surgical treatment

Liver transplantation

Conclusion

References

Cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis René G. Holzheimer.

Pathogenesis and prevalence

Indications and contra-indications for laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis

Conversion to open treatment

Randomized studies comparing open cholecystectomy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Randomized studies comparing mini-cholecystectomy with open cholecystectomy or laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Randomized studies comparing different techniques in pneumoperitoneum

Randomized studies in pain treatment and laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Common bile duct exploration and clearance - randomized studies

Antibiotic prophylaxis and laparoscopic cholecystectomy - randomized studies

Surgical technique and laparoscopic cholecystectomy - randomized studies

Summary

References

Acute cholangitis Chi-Leung Liu and Sheung-Tat Fan.

Introduction

Diagnosis

Management

Summary

References

Acute acalculous cholecystitis Philip S. Barie.

Abstract

Introduction

Patterns of clinical illness

Pathogenesis

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

Laparoscopic biliary injury Raymond Aerts and Freddy Penninckx.

Mechanism and type of injury

Diagnosis

Treatment BTI at the time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Management of BTI diagnosed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Outcome

References

VIII. Pancreas

Pancreatic cancer Dieter Birk and Hans G. Beger.

Introduction

Epidemiology

Symptomatology and tumor biology

Diagnostic approach

Staging of pancreatic cancer

Indication for surgery and technical approach

Extended resection in pancreatic cancer

Prognostic factors ()

The role of surgery in the palliation of pancreatic cancer

Summary

References

Periampullary carcinoma L. Fernandez-Cruz.

Definition

Epidemiology, clinical characteristics and diagnosis

Prognostic Factors

Staging

Surgery

Adjuvant Therapy

References

Cystic tumors of the pancreas Ramon E. Jimenez, Carlos Fernandez-del Castillo, and Andrew L. Warshaw.

Differential diagnosis

Tumor characteristics and treatment

References

Acute pancreatitis Pierre-Louis Fagniez and Nelly Rotman.

Acute pancreatitis

Etiology - pathogenesis

Diagnostic

Classification

Severity

Treatment

References

Early complications of severe acute pancreatitis C. Bassi, M. Falconi, G. Butturini, and P. Pederzoli.

Early complications

Early surgery

Biliary obstruction

Multi-organ failure (MOF), failure to improve, deterioration

Early infected necrosis

Hemorrhage and peritonitis

Extensive sterile necrosis

Rupture of Wirsung duct

Conclusion

References

Fistulas of the pancreas Roger Saadia.

Introduction

Pancreatico-cutaneous fistula

Pseudocysts

Pancreatic ascites and pleural effusions

Pancreatico-enteric fistula

References

IX. Spleen and Lymphoproliferative Disease

Splenectomy for hematological disorders Selman Uranüs and Heinz Sill.

Introduction

Splenectomy

References

Laparoscopic splenectomy for benign and malignant hematologic diseases Bertrand Millat and Georges Decker.

Indications for LS

Operative techniques

Results of laparoscopic splenectomy

Conclusions

References

Lymphoma Alan M. Yahanda.

Epidemiology and pathology

Surgery in the diagnosis of lymphoma

Staging laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease

Splenectomy in Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Summary

References

X. Endocrine

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma O. Gimm and H. Dralle.

Definition, epidemiology and pathogenesis

Diagnosis

Surgical treatment

Primary therapy

Non-surgical treatment modalities

Conclusion

References

Sporadic and hereditary medullary carcinoma O. Gimm and H. Dralle.

Definition, epidemiology and pathogenesis

Diagnosis

Non-surgical treatment modalities

Surgical treatment

Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

Thyroid carcinosarcoma and undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma S. Al-Sobhi and O. Clark.

Carcinosarcoma

Anaplastic Carcinoma

Lymphoma of the Thyroid Gland:

References

Benign nodular thyroid disease René G. Holzheimer.

Introduction

Definition, pathogenesis, and epidemiology

Diagnosis

Nontoxic uninodular thyroid disease

Nontoxic multinodular goiter

Toxic uninodular and multinodular goiter

Graves' disease (M. Basedow)

Conclusion

References

Primary hyperparathyroidism G. Åkerstrom and E. Lundgren.

Definition, pathogenesis, and epidemiology

Symptoms

Diagnosis of HPT

Surgery

Non-operative surveillance

References

Parathyroid carcinoma Kerstin Sandelin.

Incidence

Diagnosis

Recurrent metastatic disease

Prognosis

Conclusion

References

Postoperative complications of parathyroidectomy J. R. Farndon.

Infection

Hematoma

Skin tethering

Keloid formation

Hematoma

Recurrent nerve injury

Superior laryngeal nerve

Adenoma/disease not found

Persistent/recurrent disease

Wrong diagnosis/persistent disease

Hypocalcemia

Complications and informed consent

References

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy Stephen E. Burpee, Gregg H. Jossart, and Michel Gagner.

Indications

Contraindications

Results

References

Surgical management of adrenal neoplasms: laparoscopic versus open adrenalectomy Peter Y. Wong and Richard A. Prinz.

Introduction

Conventional open methods for adrenalectomy

The flank or posterior approach

The anterior or transabdominal approach

The transthoracic or thoracoabdominal approach

The lateral transperitoneal or flank laparoscopic approach

The anterior laparoscopic approach

The posterior or retroperitoneal laparoscopic approach

Laparoscopic versus open adrenalectomy

References

Pheochromocytoma Nader N. Hanna and Daniel E. Kenady.

Definition, origin, and epidemiology

Extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas

Familial and hereditary pheochromocytomas

Pathophysiology and symptomatology

Biochemical diagnosis

Pharmacological tests

Localization

Pre-operative management

Surgical management

Surgical approaches

Anesthetic and intraoperative considerations

Surgical outcome and post-operative follow-up

Malignant pheochromocytomas

Pheochromocytoma in pregnancy

Conclusion

References

Endocrine tumors of the pancreas François Pattou and Charles Proye.

Introduction

Pathology

Symptom recognition

Confirm the diagnosis

Ruling out a genetic setting

Localization of the tumors

Treatment

Surgical strategy

Advanced disease

References

Gastrinoma Robert T. Jensen.

Introduction, history and definition

Epidemiology

Clinical features ()

Diagnosis and differential diagnosis

Pathology, tumor biology and pathogenesis

Management

Prognosis

References

Neuroendocrine tumors metastatic to the liver Ingemar Ihse, Gert Lindell, and Sten Tibblin.

Primary tumors and frequency of neuroendocrine liver metastases

Diagnosis

Surgical management

Ischemic therapy, embolization, chemoembolization

Medical therapy

Management of non-functioning pancreatic endocrine tumors

References

Small bowel neuroendocrine tumors G. Åkerström and P. Hellman.

Definition and incidence

Morphologic features

Clinical presentation

Diagnosis

Surgery of the mesenterico-intestinal lesion

Medical treatment

Treatment of liver metastases

Survival and life quality

References

XI. Soft tissue tumors and melanoma

Soft tissue sarcoma David C. Linehan and Murray F. Brennan.

Introduction

Etiology, epidemiology and genetics

Pathology, clinical presentation and staging

Treatment of localized STS

Treatment of local recurrence

Surgical treatment of metastatic STS

Summary

Reference List

Malignant of melanoma Paul L. Baron and Christophe L. Nguyen.

Background

Microstaging

Conclusion

References

Isolated limb perfusion for malignant melanoma Hiram C. Polk and Michael J. Edwards.

Introduction

Melanoma prognosis and therapy

Perfusion technique

Patient selection

Collective studies

Summary

References

Adjuvant therapy of malignant melanoma Alexander M.M. Eggermont.

Adjuvant surgical procedures in the management of primary melanoma

Systemic adjuvant therapy

Adjuvant IFNα trials

Conclusions

References

XII. Miscellaneous

Carcinoma of the lung J. L. Balibrea, A. J. Torres, and J. Arias-Diaz.

Risk factors

Pathology

Stage

Prevention

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

Small-cell lung cancer

References

Thoracoscopic pulmonary surgery T. Hau and E. Förster.

Trauma

Pleural empyema

Recurrent or persistant pneumothorax

Pulmonary resection

Thoracoscopy in cancer patients

Surgical treatment of pulmonary emphysema

References

Carcinoma of the breast Gordon F. Schwartz.

Introduction

Diagnosis

Staging

Treatment

In situ lobular carcinoma (LCIS)

In situ ductal carcinoma (DCIS)

Clinical stages I and II invasive carcinoma

Adjuvant therapy

Clinical stage III (A and B) invasive carcinoma

Post-mastectomy radiation therapy

Clinical stage IV carcinoma

Management of local recurrence following breast conservation

Male breast cancer

Follow-up of the breast cancer patient

References

Sentinel node detection A. Bembenek and P.M. Schlag.

Definition

Technique

Influence of particle size

Examination of the SN

SN in melanoma patients

Current technique of the SN-biopsy in melanoma

Clinical application

SN in breast cancer patients

Internal mammary lymph nodes

Clinical application

Further application of the SN-concept

Conclusion

References

Complications of laparoscopic surgery Richard A. Perugini and Mark P. Callery.

Complications of laparoscopic access

Physiologic complications of pneumoperitoneum

Complications of operative procedure

Conclusions

References

Intra-operative and laparoscopic ultrasound Bruce David Schirmer.

Abstract

Equipment and technique

Summary

References

XIII. Abdominal wall

Hernias Joachim Conze, Uwe Klinge, and V. Schumpelick.

Definition

History

Pathogenesis

Epidemiology

Diagnosis

Classification

Symptoms and Complications

Surgical Procedures

Inguinal Hernia in Adults

Inguinal Hernia in Children

Femoral Hernia

Epigastric Hernia

Umbilical Hernia

Spieghelian Hernia

Obturator Hernia

Perineal Hernia

Incisional or Recurrent Hernia

References

Management of the difficult abdominal closure Anna M. Ledgerwood.

Types of wound closures

Abdominal wall pack technique

Bilateral advancement muscle flap technique

References

Abdominal wall considerations in re-operative surgery D. E. Fry.

Definitions, pathogenesis, and epidemiology

Diagnosis

Prevention

Management of abdominal wound complications

References

XIV. Trauma

Liver trauma Karen J. Brasel and Anthony A. Meyer.

Settled controversy: management choice for blunt hepatic injury

Current controversies: role of angiography and management of penetrating injuries

References

Pancreatic, splenic and duodenal injuries Ken Boffard and Adam Brooks.

Introduction

Pancreatic injury

Duodenal injury

Complications

Summary

Splenic injury

Summary

References

Colon injuries C. G. Rehm and D. D. Trunkey.

Diagnosis

Management

Technique of exploration

Direct wound management options

Conclusion

References

Damage control Jon M. Burch and Ernest E. Moore.

Results

References

XV. Surgical Infections

Soft tissue infections R.T. Lewis.

Introduction

Presentation and pathogenesis

Necrotizing focal infections

Toxic non-necrotizing focal infections

Diffuse non-necrotizing infection: cellulitis

Diffuse necrotizing cellulitis

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

Necrotizing soft-tissue infections Thomas L. Bosshardt, Vernon J. Henderson, and Claude H. Organ.

Presentation and diagnosis

Bacteriology

Treatment

Mortality

Summary

References

Diabetic foot infections Charles A. Adams and Edwin A. Deitch.

Definition, pathogenesis, and epidemiology

Diagnosis

Antibiotic therapy

Non-surgical treatments

Surgical treatment

Conclusion

References

Wounds in infection and sepsis - role of growth factors and mediators David T. Efron and Adrian Barbul.

Phases of normal healing

Role of growth factors in normal healing

Impaired healing in sepsis

Surgical site infection

Current clinical strategies for growth factor therapy

Conclusion

References

Burn wound infections L.C. Cancio, P.A. Howard, A.T. McManus, S.H. Kim, C.W. Goodwin, and B.A. Pruitt.

Introduction

Invasive burn wound infection

Invasive infection of excised wounds, donor sites, and grafted wounds

Burn wound cellulitis

Burn wound impetigo

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Current therapy of burns Arthur P. Sanford and David N. Herndon.

Conclusion

References

Management of secondary peritonitis René G. Holzheimer.

Definition, pathogenesis, and epidemiology

Conclusion

References

Management of intra-abdominal abscesses M. Schein.

Definition and significance

Classification & pathogenesis

Microbiology

Clinical features

Diagnosis

Treatment

Conservative treatment

Drainage

Surgical management of intra-abdominal abscesses

Conclusions

References

The abdomen as a source of sepsis in critically ill patient Ronald C. Merrell and Rifat Latifi.

Anatomy of intra-abdominal sepsis

Diagnostic approach to patient with expected abdominal sepsis

Patient with secondary dependent pathology

Patient with secondary independent pathology

Treatment options of intra-abdominal pathology in critically ill patients

Summary

References

Bloodstream and intravascular catheter infections Kelli M. Bullard and David L. Dunn.

Sepsis syndrome

Gram-negative bacteremia

Gram-positive bacteremia

Fungemia

Intravascular catheter infection

Summary

References

Antibiotic prophylaxis René G. Holzheimer.

Epidemiology

Pathogenesis

Classification and Risk factors

Selection of antibiotics

Recommendation for specific procedures ()

References

Antibiotics in surgery: evidence of anecdote? John M.A. Bohnen.

Conclusion

References

XVI. Surgical critical care issues

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Robert K. Goldman and Donald Trunkey.

Definition, pathogenesis, and epidemiology

Diagnosis

Therapy

Conclusion

References

Hemodynamic monitoring Christian Kuhn and Karl Werdan.

Goals of monitoring

Physiological basis of cardiac monitoring

Contractility

Monitoring techniques

References

ARDS Lothar Engelmann.

Definition

Pathogenesis

Epidemiology and prognosis

Diagnosis

Management

Conclusion

References

Catecholamines and acute renal failure John A. Kellum.

Introduction

Definitions, pathophysiology and epidemiology

Dopamine and related agents

Other catecholamines

Conclusions and recommendations

References

Hepatocellular dysfunction–basic considerations Doraid Jarrar, Ping Wang, and Irshad H. Chaudry.

Introduction

Alterations in hepatocellular function following trauma and hemorrhage

Summary

References

Monitoring of the hepatosplanchnic region Karl Träger, Alexander Brinkmann, and Peter Radermacher.

Introduction

Measurement of splanchnic blood flow, oxygen transport

Measurement of regional PCO₂

Measurement of hepatosplanchnic metabolism

Summary

References

Prophylaxis and management of stress ulceration Avery B. Nathens and Ronald V. Maier.

Epidemiology

Pathogenesis

Prophylaxis

Management

References

The multiple organ dysfunction syndrome John C. Marshall.

MODS: Clinical and pathologic description

Prevention of MODS

Conclusion

References

The immunocompromised patient Philip S. Barie.

Adrenal insufficiency

Diabetes mellitus

Febrile neutropenia

Human immunodeficiency virus infection

References

Laparotomy for abdominal sepsis in the critically ill Christian H. Wakefield and Kenneth C.H. Fearon.

Introduction

Demographics of intra-abdominal sepsis

Surgical approaches and treatment goals

Expectations of re-laparotomy

Conclusion

References

Abdominal compartment syndrome Bob H. Saggi, Rao Ivatury, and Harvey J. Sugerman.

Introduction

Historical background

Recognition of ACS

Pathophysiology

Clinical management

Summary

References

Analgesia and sedation in critically ill patients Daniel R. Brown and Michael J. Murray.

Introduction

Analgesia

Sedation

Summary

References

Assessment of coagulation in surgical critical care patients Ian D. McGilvray and Ori D. Rotstein.

Abstract

Introduction

The coagulation cascade

Counter-regulation of coagulation

Contribution of the coagulation cascade to the local and systemic inflammatory response

The surgical critically ill patient: a procoagulant condition

Diagnostic tests of coagulation

Coagulation issues in critical care patients

Overview: Assessment of coagulation in the critically ill surgical patient

Conclusions

References

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus M. S. Ibelings and H. A. Bruining.

References

Candida infections in surgical intensive care unit patients Jean-Louis Vincent.

Introduction

Epidemiology and pathogenesis

Diagnosis

Therapy

Conclusion

References

Ethical considerations WI Karen J. Brasel and Anthony A. Meyer.

Does the presence or type of hospital DNR policy influence DNR orders or discussions about limiting care in any way?

Does the presence of a DNR order influence resource use or nursing care?

Can education change physician practices regarding end of life decisions?

Do patients want to discuss DNR preferences?

References

Nitric oxide in trauma and sepsis C. Hierholzer and T. R. Billiar.

Summary

NO production

Molecular targets

Cytoprotection, cytotoxicity

Hemorrhagic shock

Sepsis

Therapeutic interventions

Conclusions

References

Appendix