Contributors

Preface

Part I Cardinal Manifestations

1. Cardinal Manifestations of Cancer
James F. Holland.

Part II Scientific Foundation, Section 1: Cancer Biology

2. Molecular Biology, Genomics, and Proteomics
Kornelia Polyak and Matthew Meyerson.

Overview: Gene Structure

General Techniques

Gene Analysis: DNA

Gene Expression: MRNA Transcript Analysis

Gene Expression: Protein Analysis

References

3. Cell Proliferation and Differentiation
Michael Andreeff, David W. Goodrich, and Arthur B. Pardee.

Proliferation

Apoptosis and Proliferation

Differentiation

Acknowledgment

References

4. Apoptosis and Cancer
John C. Reed.

Apoptosis Caused by Caspases

Caspase Activation Pathways: an Overview

Protein Domains Involved in Apoptosis Regulation

Signal Transduction and Apoptosis Dysregulation in Cancer

Therapeutic Opportunities from Apoptosis Research

Acknowledgments

References

5. Growth Factors and Signal Transduction in Cancer
Anna Bafico and Stuart A. Aaronson.

Background

Growth Factor Receptors with Tyrosine Kinase Activity

Classification of Growth Factors and Their Receptors

Abnormalities Associated with Growth Factors in Cancer Cells

Aberrations Affecting Growth Factor Receptors in Tumor Cells

Signaling Pathways of Tyrosine Kinase Receptors

Implications for Cancer Therapy

References

6. Oncogenes
Marco A. Pierotti, Gabriella Sozzi, and Carlo M. Croce.

Discovery and identification of oncogenes

Mechanisms of oncogene activation

Oncogenes in the initiation and progression of neoplasia

Summary and conclusions

References

7. Tumor-Suppressor Genes
Ben Ho Park and Bert Vogelstein.

Genetic Basis for Tumor Development

Somatic Cell Genetic Studies of Tumorigenesis

Retinoblastoma—A Paradigm for Tumor-Suppressor Gene Function

The p53 Gene

The INK4A Locus and the p16 ^INK4A and p19 ^ARF Genes

The APC Gene

BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes

WT1 Gene

NF1 and NF2 Genes

VHL Gene

DNA Repair Pathway Genes

Candidate Tumor-Suppressor Genes

Summary

References

8. Recurring Chromosome Rearrangements in Human Cancer
Denise A. Levitan, Rita Nanda, Janet D. Rowley, and Olufunmilayo I. Olopade.

Myeloproliferative Disorders

Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome Associated with Prior Cytotoxic Therapy

How And Why Recurring Chromosomal Abnormalities Occur

Acknowledgment

References

9. Biochemistry of Cancer
Raymond W. Ruddon.

Historical Perspectives

What Makes a Cancer Cell a Cancer Cell?

Acknowledgments

References

10. Invasion and Metastases
Lance A. Liotta and Elise C. Kohn.

Tumor-Host and Tumor-Stromal Interactions

Adhesion

Proteolysis

Tumor Cell Migration

Angiogenesis

Genetic Regulation of Invasion and Metastasis

Novel Technologies Advance Identification of Metastasis and Invasion-Promoting Genes and Gene Products

Invasion as a Therapeutic Molecular Target

Summary

References

11. Tumor Angiogenesis
Judah Folkman and Raghu Kalluri.

Historic background

Beginning of angiogenesis research

Acknowledgments

References

Section 2: Cancer Immunology

12. Tumor Antigens
Hassane M. Zarour, Albert DeLeo, Olivera J. Finn, and Walter J. Storkus.

Categories of Tumor Antigens

Melanoma Antigens

Cancer-Testis (CT) Antigens

Epithelial Tumor Antigens

Cell Cycle Regulatory Proteins as Tumor Antigens

Idiotypes as Tumor Antigens

Application of Tumor Antigens for Clinical Immunotherapy

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

13. Tumor Markers and Immunodiagnosis
William Bigbee and Ronald B. Herberman.

Categories and Applications of Tumor Markers

Traditional Tumor Markers

Characteristics of the Ideal Tumor Marker

Risk Markers

Screening and Early Detection Markers

Diagnostic Markers

Prognostic Markers

Therapy Selection and Response Markers

Recurrence and Metastasis Markers

Organ Site-Specific Markers

New Approaches and Technologies

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

14. Effectors of Immunity and Rationale for Immunotherapy
Theresa L. Whiteside and Ronald B. Heberman.

Antitumor Effector Cells in Humans

T Lymphocytes

Assessment of T-Cell Effectors in Patients with Cancer

Implications of Effector Cell Dysfunction in Cancer

Rationale for Immunotherapy of Cancer

References

15. Tumor-Associated Immunodeficiency and Implications for Tumor Development and Prognosis
William H. Chambers, Hannah Rabinowich, and Ronald B. Herberman.

Documentation of Immune Suppression in Cancer Patients

Mechanisms of Immunosuppression

Conclusions

References

Section 3: Cancer Etiology

16. Genetic Predisposition to Cancer
Marcia S. Brose, Thomas C. Smyrk, Barbara Weber, and Henry T. Lynch.

Genetic Basis of Cancer Syndromes

Cancer-Associated Genodermatoses

Other Cancers with Familial Clusterings

Clinical Translation

Conclusions/Future Directions

References

17. Chemical Carcinogenesis
Ainsley Weston and Curtis C. Harris.

Multistage Carcinogenesis

Gene-Environment Interactions and Interindividual Variation

Carcinogen Metabolism

DNA Damage and Repair

Mutator Phenotype

Clonal Evolution

Oncogenes and Tumor-Suppressor Genes

Assessment of Causation by the Bradford-Hill Criteria

Implications for Molecular Epidemiology, Risk Assessment, and Cancer Prevention

Acknowledgments

References

18. Hormones and the Etiology of Cancer
Brian E. Henderson, Leslie Bernstein, and Ronald K. Ross.

Breast Cancer

Endometrial Cancer

Ovarian Cancer

Prostate Cancer

Adolescent and Young Adult Genital Cancer

Cervical Cancer

Thyroid Cancer

Osteosarcoma

Conclusion

References

19. Ionizing Radiation
John B. Little.

Development of Radiation Injury

Principal Cellular and Tissue Effects of Radiation

Molecular Mechanisms

Experimental Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis

Human Epidemiologic Studies

Risk Assessment

Acknowledgments

References

20. Ultraviolet Radiation Carcinogenesis
James E. Cleaver and David L. Mitchell.

Historical Perspective

Epidemiology

Genetic Factors in Skin Carcinogenesis

Xeroderma Pigmentosum

Cockayne Syndrome

Trichothiodystrophy

Carcinogenesis

References

21. Physical Carcinogens
Morando Soffritti, Franco Minardi, and Cesare Maltoni.

Known Physical Carcinogens

Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis

Electromagnetic Fields

Trauma

Conclusions

References

22. Tumor Viruses
Robert C. Gallo and Marvin S. Reitz.

Classification

Structure

Replication Cycle

Mechanisms of Oncogenesis

Endogenous Retroviruses

Retroviral Vectors and Gene Therapy

Conclusions

References

23. Herpesviruses
Jeffrey I. Cohen.

Properties of Herpesviruses

Oncogenic Features of Herpesviruses

Epstein-Barr Virus: An Oncogenic Human Herpesvirus

Human Herpesvirus 8 and Malignancies

Viral Proteins

Clinical Aspects

Oncogenic Potential of Other Human Herpesviruses

References

24. Papillomaviruses and Cervical Neoplasia
Christopher P. Crum and Catherine M. McLachlin.

Definitions, Tissue Specificity, and Mechanisms of Infection and Transformation

HPV and Human Genital Neoplasia

References

25. Hepatitis Viruses
Max W. Sung and Swan N. Thung.

Hepatitis B Virus

Hepatitis C Virus

Hepatitis D Virus

Hepatitis A Virus

Hepatitis E Virus

Hepatitis F, G, and TT Viruses

References

26. Parasites
Piero Mustacchi.

Schistosomiasis and Cancer of the Bladder

Schistosomiasis and Cancer of Other Sites

East Asian Distomiasis

Malaria

American Burkitt Lymphoma

Cancer in Animals

References

Section 4: Cancer Epidemiology, Prevention, and Screening

27. Cancer Epidemiology
Michael J. Thun and Ahmedin Jemal.

Measures of Disease Occurrence

Cancer Surveillance

Survival of Patients with Cancer

Studies of Cancer Etiology

Descriptive Studies

Analytic Epidemiology

Measures of Association

Case-Control Studies

What Constitutes “Proof” in Epidemiologic Studies?

IARC Classification of Carcinogens

Summary

References

28. Prevention of Tobacco-Related Cancer
Paul F. Engstrom, Margie L. Clapper, and Robert A. Schnoll.

Physiochemical Composition of Tobacco Smoke

Carcinogenic and Genotoxic Effects of Tobacco Constituents

Genetic Variation in Cancer Susceptibility

Approaches for Smoking Cessation

Prevention of Tobacco Use

Summary

References

29. Nutrition in the Etiology and Prevention of Cancer
Steven K. Clinton, Edward L. Giovannucci, and Elizabeth C. Miller.

Methodologic Issues in Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer Studies

Public Health Guidelines for Cancer Prevention

Summary of Research Efforts Focusing on Specific Cancers

Current Research

Survivorship: Diet and Nutritional Guidance During and Following Cancer Treatment

References

30. Chemoprevention of Cancer
Michael B. Sporn and Scott M. Lippman.

Agents for Chemoprevention and Their Mechanism of Action

Chemoprevention Trials

Chemoprevention and Overall Cancer Incidence

References

31. Cancer Screening and Early Detection
Robert A. Smith, Curtis J. Mettlin, and Harmon Eyre.

Key Criteria in the Decision to Screen

Methodologic Issues in the Evaluation of Early Detection Programs

Breast Cancer

Colorectal Cancer

Lung Cancer

Prostate Cancer

Testicular Cancer

Cervical Cancer

Endometrial Cancer

Ovarian Cancer

Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer

Oral Cancer

The Cancer-Related Checkup

Conclusion

References

Section 5: Clinical Trials and Outcomes Assessment

32. Theory and Practice of Clinical Trials
Marvin Zelen.

Types of Clinical Trials

Planning Clinical Trials

Data Collection and Forms Design

Experimental Design

Role of Compliance

Interim Analyses, Multiple Looks at Data, and Early Stopping

Strategy of Experimentation

Reporting of Clinical Trials

Statistical Models

Meta-analysis

Falsification of Data

References

Additional Reading

The following books contain good overall discussions of clinical trials.

The following books address special problems in clinical trials.

33. Statistical Innovations in Cancer Research
Donald Berry.

Bayesian Updating

Analysis Issues

Decision Analysis and Choosing Sample Size

Adaptive Designs of Clinical Trials

Auxiliary Variables, Biomarkers, and Biological Agents

Acknowledgements:

References

34. Outcomes Assessment
Jane C. Weeks.

Historical Perspective

Outcome Measures

Study Designs

Outcomes Studies in Oncology

Outcomes Management

Summary

References

Part III Cancer Diagnosis, Section 6: Cancer Pathology

35. Principles of Cancer Pathology
James L. Connolly, Stuart J. Schnitt, Helen H. Wang, Janina A. Longtine, Ann Dvorak, and Harold F. Dvorak.

Tumor Structure and Tumor Stroma Generation

Role of the Surgical Pathologist in the Diagnosis and Management of the Cancer Patient

Summary and Conclusions

References

Section 7: Imaging

36. Principles of Imaging
Edward F. Patz.

References

36a. Imaging Cancer of Unknown Primary Site
Kitt Shaffer.

References

36b. Imaging Neoplasms of the Central Nervous System, Head, and Neck
Christopher J. Hurt, David M. Yousem, and Norman J. Beauchamp.

Central Nervous System

Head and Neck

Lymphadenopathy

Extramucosal Masses

Conclusion

References

36c. Imaging Neoplasms of the Thorax
Jeremy J. Erasmus and H. Page McAdams.

Lung Cancer

Mediastinal Masses

Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

Conclusion

References

36d. Imaging Neoplasms of the Abdomen and Pelvis
Haesun Choi, Evelyne Loyer, Harmeet Kaur, and Paul M. Silverman.

Gastrointestinal Tract

The Liver

Biliary Duct

Carcinoma of the Pancreas

Imaging of Renal and Adrenal Tumors

Tumors of the Female Reproductive Tract

Prostate

Conclusion

References

36e. Imaging of Musculoskeletal Neoplasms
R. Lee Cothran and Clyde A. Helms.

References

36f. Imaging the Breast
Lawrence W. Bassett, Karen Conner, and MS.

Types of Mammography

Standardized Mammography Reporting

The Normal Mammogram

The Abnormal Mammogram

Mammography for Preoperative Planning

Mammography of the Postsurgical Breast

Ultrasonography

Imaging-Guided Needle Biopsy of the Breast

Other Breast Imaging Modalities

References

36g. Ultrasonography: Its Role in Oncologic Imaging
Stephanie R. Wilson.

Recent Advances

Tumor Detection and Characterization

Small Parts Scanning

The Abdominal Organs

Gynecologic Organs

Prostatic and Transrectal Sonography

Central Nervous System Ultrasonography

Intraoperative Ultrasonography

Conclusion

References

36h. Radionuclide Imaging in Cancer Medicine
R. Edward Coleman.

Single-Photon Techniques

Positron Emission Tomography

Conclusion

References

36i. Perspectives in Imaging: Present and Future Prospects of Clinical Molecular Imaging
David Piwnica-Worms.

Clinical Molecular Imaging Today: PET and SPECT

On the Horizon: Imaging Gene Expression in vivo with Reporter Genes

On the Horizon: Clinical Molecular Imaging with Optical and MRI

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

37. Interventional Radiology for the Cancer Patient
Marshall Hicks, Michael Wallace, and Sanjay Gupta.

Intra-arterial Therapy

Biopsy

Intratumoral Gene Therapy

Mechanical Devices

References

Part IV Therapeutic Modalities, Section 8: Surgical Oncology

38. Principles of Surgical Oncology
Raphael E. Pollock and Donald L. Morton.

Historical Considerations

The Contemporary Role of Surgical Oncology

Combined Modality Therapy

Surgical Components of Cancer Management

Special Situations

References

Section 9: Radiation Oncology

39. Principles of Radiation Oncology
Arno J. Mundt, John C. Roeske, Theodore D. Chung, and Ralph R. Weichselbaum.

Physical Basis of Radiation Therapy

Treatment Planning and Delivery

Biologic Basis of Radiation Therapy

Future Directions

References

40. Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer
Tayyaba Hasan, Bernhard Ortel, Anne C.E. Moor, and Brian W. Pogue.

History

Overview

Basics of Light and PDT-Related Photochemistry

Photosensitizers

Photosensitizer Transport and Distribution

Biologic Mechanisms of PDT

Photodynamic Therapy Dosimetry

Photodynamic Therapy with Targeted Molecular Delivery Systems

Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

41. Hyperthermia
Mark W. Dewhirst, Ellen Jones, Thaddeus Samulski, Zeljko Vujaskovic, Chuan Li, and Leonard Prosnitz.

The Biology of Hyperthermia

Hyperthermia and Physiology

Physiologic Approaches to Enhance Thermal Cytotoxicity

Hyperthermia and Chemotherapy

Hyperthermia Physics

Clinical Hyperthermia

Acknowledgments

References

Section 10: Medical Oncology

42. Principles of Medical Oncology
James F. Holland, Emil Frei, Donald W. Kufe, and Robert C. Bast.

Medical Oncologist's Role

Clinical Responsibilities

Cancer Prevention

Clinical Research

Fundamental Science, Clinical Science, and Medical Art

Chemotherapy Trials

Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Surrogate End Points

Palliative Therapy

Laws of Therapeutics

Truth Telling

Resuscitation

Burnout

Nomenclature: Systeme Internationale (SI) Units

Summary

References

Section 11: Chemotherapy

43. Cytokinetics
Chau Dang, Teresa A. Gilewski, Antonella Surbone, and Larry Norton.

Cell Proliferation

Growth Curve Analysis

Conclusion

References

44. Principles of Dose, Schedule, and Combination Therapy
Emil Frei and Joseph Paul Eder.

Dose

Schedule of Drug Administration

Combination Chemotherapy

References

45. Preclinical and Early Clinical Development of New Anticancer Agents
Daniel D. Von Hoff and Axel-R. Hanauske.

Evolution of the Discovery Process

Preparation of Agents for Clinical Trials

Early Clinical Trials

References

46. Pharmacology
Mark J. Ratain and William K. Plunkett.

General Mechanisms of Drug Action

Principles of Pharmacokinetics

Principles of Pharmacodynamics

References

47. Regional Chemotherapy
Maurie Markman.

Pharmacokinetic Rationale for Regional Chemotherapy

Mathematical Model Describing Regional Anticancer Drug Delivery

Theoretical Concerns with Regional Antineoplastic Drug Therapy

Practical Issues Associated with Regional Anticancer Drug Delivery

Clinical Examples of Regional Antineoplastic Drug Delivery

Conclusion

References

48. Drug Resistance and Its Clinical Circumvention
Jeffrey Moscow, Charles S. Morrow, and Kenneth H. Cowan.

General Mechanisms of Drug Resistance

Resistance to Multiple Drugs

Resistance Factors Unique to Tumor Cells In Vivo: Host-Tumor-Drug Interactions

Potential Clinical Application of Strategies to Avert or Overcome Drug Resistance

Conclusion and Future Directions

References

Section 12: Chemotherapeutic Agents

49. Folate Antagonists
Barton A. Kamen, Peter D. Cole, and Joseph R. Bertino.

Historical Overview

Mechanism of Action

Pharmacokinetics of MTX

Inadvertent Drug Interactions with MTX

Clinical Application

Adverse Effects

Resistance to Antifolates

Strategies to Overcome Resistance to MTX Using New (or Older) AntiFols

References

50. Pyrimidine and Purine Antimetabolites
Giuseppe Pizzorno, Robert B. Diasio, and Yung-Chi Cheng.

Pyrimidine Analogs

Purine Analogs

References

51. Alkylating Agents and Platinum Antitumor Compounds
Michael Colvin.

Alkylating Agents

References

52. Anthracyclines and DNA Intercalators/Epipodophyllotoxins/ Camptothecins/DNA Topoisomerases
Eric H. Rubin and William N. Hait.

Topoisomerase Biology

How Drugs “Poison” Topoisomerases

Cellular Response to Topoisomerase-Mediated DNA Damage

Mechanisms of Resistance to Topoisomerase Targeting

Intercalating Drugs that Target Topoisomerases

Nonintercalating Topoisomerase-Targeting Drugs

References

53. Microtubule-Targeting Natural Products
Eric Rowinsky.

Microtubules as Strategic Targets Against Cancer

The Vinca Alkaloids

The Taxanes

Novel Compounds Targeting Microtubules and Related Organelles

References

54. Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Protein Kinases in the Treatment of Human Cancer
Michael C. Heinrich, Charles D. Blanke, Christopher L. Corless, and Brian J. Druker.

Strategies to Inhibit Tyrosine Kinases

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Targeting Considerations

KIT as a Therapeutic Target

PDGF Receptors as Therapeutic Targets

ARG (Abelson-Related Gene) as a Therapeutic Target

Toxicity of TKIs

Considerations in Clinical Trial Design for Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

References

Section 13: Biotherapeutics

55. Asparaginase
Joanne Kurtzberg, David Yousem, and Norman Beauchamp.

Mechanism of Action, Chemistry, and In Vitro Activity

Conclusions

References

56. Interferons
Ernest C. Borden.

Molecules: Their Induction, Receptors, and Gene Regulation

Mechanisms of Antitumor Action

Angiogenesis Inhibition

Antitumor Effects in Humans

Perspective

References

57. Cytokines: Biology and Applications in Cancer Medicine
Suhendan Ekmekcioglu and Elizabeth A. Grimm.

Interleukin-2

Interleukin-12

Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

Interleukin-1

Interleukin-6

Interleukin-4

Colony-Stimulating Factors

Cytokines Considered for Clinical Application or in Early Trials

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

58. Hematopoietic Growth Factors
Razelle Kurzrock.

Hematopoiesis and the role of growth factors

Erythropoietin

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Stem cell factor

Thrombopoietin

Interleukin-1

Interleukin-2

Interleukin-3

Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13

Interleukin-5

Interleukin 6

Interleukin-7

Interleukin-8

Interleukin-9

Interleukin-11

Interleukin-15

Interleukin-16

Interleukin-17

Interleukin-18

Other Hematopoietic Growth Factors

Use of hematopoietic growth factors after chemotherapy

Hematopoietic growth factors in the transplantation setting

Thrombopoietic agents in the clinic: an overview

Hematopoietic growth factors in bone marrow failure states

Future perspectives

References

59. Monoclonal Serotherapy
Robert C. Bast, Christina A. Kousparou, Agamemnon A. Epenetos, Michael R. Zalutsky, Robert J. Kreitman, Edward A. Sausville, and Arthur E. Frankel.

Therapy with Unmodified Monoclonal Antibodies

Barriers to Successful Serotherapy

Elimination of Malignant Cells from Bone Marrow Ex Vivo

Therapy with Drug-Monoclonal Antibody Conjugates

Radioimmunotherapy of Cancer

Targeted Toxins

Conclusions

References

60. Vaccines and Immunostimulants
Jeffrey Schlom and Scott I. Abrams.

Targets for Vaccine Therapy

Issues in Cancer Vaccine Development

Problem Areas in Immunotherapy

Types of Vaccines

Diversified Prime and Boost Immunization Strategies

Immunostimulants/Cytokines

T-Cell Costimulation

Adoptive Transfer

Vaccine Clinical Trials

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Section 14: Endocrine Therapy

61. Hypothalamic and Other Peptide Hormones
Andrew V. Schally and Ana Maria Comaru-Schally.

Analogs of Peptide Hormones

Agonists of LHRH

LHRH Antagonists

Mode of Action of LHRH Analogs

Somatostatin Analogs

Antagonists of Bombesin and Gastrin-Releasing Peptide

Antagonists of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone

Treatment of Various Tumors with Peptide Analogs

Tumors Producing Hypothalamic Hormones

References

62. Corticosteroids
Lorraine I. McKay and John A. Cidlowski.

Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

Control of Corticosteroid Secretion

Pharmacokinetics of Corticosteroids

Steroid Synthesis Inhibitors

Pharmaceutical Derivatives

Physiologic and Pharmacologic Effects of Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids in the Treatment of Neoplasms

References

63. Estrogens and Antiestrogens
Craig V. Jordan.

Tamoxifen

New Agents

Conclusion

References

64. Aromatase Inhibitors
Aman U. Buzdar and Harold A. Harvey.

Biology of Aromatase

Historical Development of Aromatase Inhibitors

Development of Improved Aromatase Inhibitors

Classification

Selection of Patients for Aromatase Inhibition Therapy

Future Perspectives in the Clinical Development of Aromatase Inhibitors

Summary

References

65. Progestins
Kenneth S. McCarty, Mark Nichols, and Kenneth S. McCarty.

Physiology

Pharmacology

Clinical Observations on Progestin Receptor and Target Tissue Responses to Progestins

Conclusion

References

66. Androgen Deprivation Strategies in the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer
Samuel R. Denmeade and John T. Isaacs.

Cellular Organization of the Normal Prostate

Definition of Androgen Responsiveness on a Cellular Basis

Mechanism of Androgen Action

Overview of Regulation of Systemic Androgen Levels

Pharmacologic Approaches to Lower Circulating Androgen

Androgen Deprivation Strategies for the Treatment of Recurrent and Metastatic Prostate Cancer

Alternative Strategies for Androgen Deprivation

Conclusion

References

Section 15: Gene Therapy

67. Cancer Gene Therapy
Sunil J. Advani, Ralph R. Weichselbaum, and Donald W. Kufe.

Gene Delivery Systems

Therapeutic Genes

Selective Gene Expression

Viral Oncolysis

References

Section 16: Bone Marrow Transplantation

68. Autologous Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplantation
William P. Peters, Roger Dansey, and Roy D. Baynes.

Rationale and Requirements for Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Principles

Dose Intensity

Combination Chemotherapy

Volume of Disease

Procedure

Specific Diseases

Autoimmune Diseases

Toxicities

Immune Function Posttransplant

Organ Toxicity

Future Directions

References

69. Hematopoietic Cellular Transplantation
Richard Champlin.

Hematopoietic Transplantation as Treatment for Malignancies

Donor Selection

Engraftment of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Transplants

Cell Sources for Hematopoietic Transplantation

Autologous Transplantation, Tumor Cell Contamination, and Purging

Selection of Autologous or Allogeneic Transplantation

Complications of Hematopoietic Transplantation

Indications for Hematopoietic Transplantation

Future Directions

References

Part V Multidisciplinary Management, Section 17: Psycho-Oncology

70. Psycho-Oncology
Jimmie C. Holland and Jane Gooen-Piels.

Historical Perspective

Hearing the Diagnosis

Factors in Adaptation to Cancer

Psychosocial Problems

Guidelines for Recognition of Psychosocial Distress

Psychiatric Disorders

Summary

References

Section 18: Oncology Nursing

71. Principles of Oncology Nursing
Paula Trahan Rieger and Connie Henke Yarbro.

Oncology Nursing as a Specialty

Role of the Oncology Nurse

Survivorship

Advanced Practice in Oncology Nursing

Nursing Shortage

Summary

References

Section 19: Cancer Rehabilitation Medicine

72. Principles of Cancer Rehabilitation Medicine
Kristjan T. Ragnarsson and David C. Thomas.

Application of Rehabilitation Concepts

The Cancer Rehabilitation and Adaptation Team

Functional Assessment

The Rehabilitation Process

Cancer of the Brain

Cancer of the Spine

Cancer of the Head and Neck

Cancer of the Lung

Cancer of the Breast

Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Cancer of the Genitourinary System

Cancer of the Limbs

Conclusion

References

Section 20: Multidisciplinary Management

73. Principles of Multidisciplinary Management
James F. Holland, Emil Frei, Donald W. Kufe, Robert C. Bast, Raphael E. Pollock, and Ralph R. Weichselbaum.

The Primary Physician

The Radiologist

The Pathologist

The Surgical Oncologist

The Anesthesiologist

The Medical Oncologist

The Radiation Oncologist

The Gynecologic Oncologist

The Neurosurgeon

The Pediatric Oncologist

The Psycho-oncologist

The Rehabilitation Specialist

The Oncology Nurse

The Oncology Pharmacist

Nonmedical Professionals

Family Members

74. Cancer and Pregnancy
Richard L. Theriault, Karin M.E.H. Gwyn, and Gabriel N. Hortobagyi.

Cancer and Pregnancy Epidemiology

Diagnosis and Staging

Cancer Treatment During Pregnancy

Specific Cancers

Outcome of Children Exposed to Cancer Therapy In Utero

Conclusion

References

75. Cancer and Aging
Arti Hurria, Hyman B. Muss, and Harvey J. Cohen.

Life Expectancy and Aging

The Biology of Cancer and Aging

Physiologic Changes with Aging

The Frail Older Patient

Evaluation of the Older Patient: Geriatric Assessment

Functional Status

CoMorbid Medical Conditions

Nutrition

Cognition

Psychological State and Social Support

Medication Review: Evaluation for Polypharmacy

Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment

Knowledge about Older Cancer Patients: UnderRepresentation on Clinical Trials

Understanding Barriers to Clinical Trial Enrollment

Treatment Tolerance of the Older Patient

Conclusions

References

76. Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies
Barrie R. Cassileth and Andrew Vickers.

The Evolution of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Terminology and Definitions

Impact on the Healthcare System

CAM Use and Users

Mainstream Acceptance of CAM

CAM Therapies and Practitioners

CAM Practitioners and Practices

CAM Research Issues

References

Recommended Books

Section 21: Pain and Palliation

77. Palliative Care
Natalie Moryl, Alan C. Carver, and Kathleen M. Foley.

The Role of the Oncologist

Suffering in the Patient, Family, and Physician

Guidelines in the Care of the Dying Patient

A Legal Mandate for Palliative Care

Conclusion: The Need for Education and Training in End-of-Life Care

References

78. Management of Cancer Pain
Alan C. Carver and Kathleen M. Foley.

Scope of the Problem

Barriers to Cancer Pain Management

Mechanisms of Cancer Pain

Types of Pain

Strategy for Assessment and Treatment

Therapeutic Approaches to Cancer Pain

Psychological and Behavioral Approaches

Anesthetic Approaches

Neurosurgical Approaches

Sedation in the Imminently Dying

Defining the Cancer Pain Research Agenda

References

Section 22: Societal Oncology

79. Ethics in Oncology
Ezekiel J. Emanuel and Steven Joffe.

Informed Consent

Human Subjects Research

Terminating Medical Care

Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia

Financial Incentives

Confidentiality

Ethical Issues in Cancer Genetics

References

80. Cancer and the Law
Joseph M. Taraska.

Elements of Liability

Preventing Legal Complications

Consent

For Whose Acts Must the Physician Respond?

The Physician as an Expert Witness

Managed Care

Withdrawing Life Support/ Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia

References

81. The Government and Cancer Medicine
Anna D. Barker and Hamilton Jordan.

Cancer: A Major National Healthcare Priority

Legislative History of the National Cancer Program

Federal Support for the National Cancer Program

Return on Investment from Federal Funds

Public Attitudes Concerning Cancer

The Cancer Advocacy Movement

Federal Policies and Cancer Research

The Future

References

82. Clinical Oncology in a Changing Healthcare Environment
Martin N. Raber and Joseph P. Bailes.

Effects of Managed Care on the Providers of Care (Physicians and Hospitals)

Effects of Managed Care on Insurers

Effects of Managed Care on Employers

Effects of Managed Care on Government Programs

Effects of Managed Care on Patients and Patient Care

Implications for Cancer Care

Demands of Patients Facing Terminal Illnesses

Current Strategies for the Delivery of Cancer Care

Future Directions in Healthcare Reform

References

Part VI Cancer Management, Section 23: Central Nervous System

83. Primary Neoplasms of the Central Nervous System
Edward Pan and Michael D. Prados.

Epidemiology

Risk Factors

Molecular Genetics

Familial Tumors Syndromes of the Central Nervous system

Histopathology of Neuro-epithelial Central Nervous system Tumors

Clinical Presentation

Diagnostic Neuroimaging

Surgical Diagnosis and Resection

Cortical Mapping and Interactive Image-Guided Resections

Postoperative Imaging

Clinical Trials

Glioblastoma Multiforme and Anaplastic Astrocytoma

Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma

Low-Grade Gliomas

Ependymoma

Spinal Cord Tumors

Adult Medulloblastomas

Other Primary Tumors of the Central Nervous System

Future Directions

Acknowledgments

References

84. Brain Metastases
Lisa M. DeAngelis and Jerome B. Posner.

Pathophysiology of the Metastatic Process

Treatment

References

Section 24: The Eye

85. Neoplasms of the Eye
David H. Abramson, Amy C. Schefler, Ira J. Dunkel, Beryl McCormick, and Kip W. Dolphin.

Pediatric Ophthalmic Oncology: Ocular Diseases

Pediatric Ophthalmic Oncology: Orbital Diseases

Adult Ophthalmic Oncology: Ocular Diseases

Adult Ophthalmic Oncology: Orbital Diseases

Adult Ophthalmic Oncology: Lid Disease

Ophthalmic Complications of Radiation and Chemotherapy

References

Section 25: Endocrine Glands

86. Neoplasms of the Endocrine Glands: Pituitary Neoplasms
Chirag D. Gandhi and Kalmon D. Post.

PrL-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas

GH-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas

ACTH-Secreting Adenomas

Gonadotropin-Secreting and Nonsecreting Pituitary Adenomas

TSH-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas

References

87. Neoplasms of the Thyroid
Steven I. Sherman and Ann M. Gillenwater.

Diagnostic Evaluation of the Solitary Thyroid Nodule

Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

Medullary Thyroid Cancer

Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

References

88. Neoplasms of the Adrenal Cortex
David E. Schteingart.

Pathogenesis

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Imaging Characterization

Staging

Pathologic Diagnosis

Carcinoma Management

Long-term Treatment Outcome

Adrenal Function Inhibitors in Treatment

Future Prospects

References

89. Neoplasms of the Diffuse Endocrine System
Larry K. Kvols.

Endocrine Neoplasms of the Gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) System

Parathyroid carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, and multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes

Men 2A, 2B, and Non-Men Familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

References

Section 26: Head and Neck

90. Neoplasms of the Head and Neck
Eduardo M. Diaz, Erich M. Sturgis, George E. Laramore, Anita L. Sabichi, Scott M. Lippman, and Gary Clayman.

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Pathologic Assessment

Diagnosis and Staging

Treatment

References

91. Odontogenic Tumors
Lewis Clayman.

Ectodermal Tumors

Odontogenic Tumors Derived from Mesoderm

Tumors Arising from the Periodontal Membrane

Mixed Ectodermal-Mesodermal Odontogenic Tumors

Ameloblastic Odontoma (Odontoameloblastoma)

Malignant Odontogenic Tumors

References

Section 27: The Thorax

92. Cancer of the Lung
Ara A. Vaporciyan, Merrill S. Kies, Craig W. Stevens, Ritsuko Komaki, and Jack A. Roth.

Historical note

Factors associated with the development of lung cancer

Molecular pathogenesis

Natural history

Performance status

Therapy for NSCLC

Therapy for SCLC

Conclusion and Future Prospects

References

93. Malignant Mesothelioma
A. Philippe Chahinian and Harvey I. Pass.

Historical Perspective

Incidence and Epidemiology

Etiology

Other Etiologic Factors

Pathology

Clinical Features

Prognostic Factors

Other Types of Malignant Mesotheliomas

Benign Mesotheliomas

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Prospectus and Prevention

References

94. Thymomas and Thymic Tumors
A. Philippe Chahinian.

Epidemiology and Etiology

Anatomic Pathogenesis

Clinical Features

Associated Paraneoplastic Syndromes

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Staging

Therapy

References

95. Tumors of the Heart and Great Vessels
A. Philippe Chahinian, David E. Gutstein, and Valentin Fuster.

Cardiac Tumors

Tumors of the Great Vessels

References

96. Primary Germ Cell Tumors of the Thorax
John D. Hainsworth and F. Anthony Greco.

Benign Teratomas of the Mediastinum

Malignant Germ Cell Tumors

Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma of the Mediastinum

References

97. Metastatic Tumors in the Thorax
Donald L. Morton and Katharine Yao.

Molecular and Genetic Basis for Pulmonary Metastases

Diagnosis and Imaging

Nonsurgical Treatment of Pulmonary Metastases

Surgical Treatment of Pulmonary Metastases

Pediatric Tumors

Summary

References

Section 28: Gastrointestinal Tract

98. Neoplasms of the Esophagus
Stephen G. Swisher, Jaffer A. Ajani, Ritsuko K. Komaki, and Mark K. Ferguson.

Anatomy and histology

Etiology

Epidemiology

Presentation

Treatment overview

Diagnosis

Pretreatment Assessment

Staging evaluation

Therapy

Single-agent chemotherapy

Palliative therapy of esophageal obstruction

References

99. Gastric Cancer
Paul F. Mansfield, James C. Yao, and Christopher H. Crane.

Epidemiology

Etiology

Proximal Gastric Cancer

Histology

Clinical Manifestations

Pattern of Spread

Molecular Biology of Gastric Cancer

Pathologic and Clinical Staging

Therapy of Locoregional Disease

Chemoradiotherapy for Gastric Cancer

Adjuvant Therapy

Preoperative Chemotherapy

Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy

Palliative Therapy for Advanced Disease

Symptom Management

Obstruction/Dysphagia/ Early Satiety

Nutrition

Conclusions

References

100. Primary Neoplasms of the Liver
Paul F. Engstrom, Elin R. Sigurdson, Alison A. Evans, and James F. Pingpank.

Epidemiology

Risk Factors

Molecular Pathogenesis

Prevention

Clinical Presentation

Pathologic Diagnosis

Staging and Prognosis

Imaging Modalities

Management

Other Primary Hepatic Neoplasms

References

101. Treatment of Liver Metastases
Nancy E. Kemeny and Yuman Fong.

Imaging Techniques

Liver resection

Adjuvant chemotherapy

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Systemic chemotherapy

Hepatic arterial chemotherapy

Cryosurgery

Radiofrequency ablation

Embolization

Chemoembolization

Radiation therapy

Percutaneous Ethanol Injection

Summary

References

102. Gallbladder and Bile Duct Cancer
Steven A. Curley.

Gallbladder Cancer

Bile Duct Cancer

References

103a. Neoplasms of the Exocrine Pancreas
Robert A. Wolff, James Abbruzzese, and Douglas B. Evans.

Epidemiology

Pathology

Symptom patterns

Diagnostic imaging

Biliary drainage

Treatment of localized, potentially resectable disease

Treatment of locally advanced disease

Treatment of metastatic disease

References

103b. Neoplasms of the Ampulla of Vater
Tina W.F. Yen, Robert A. Wolff, and Douglas B. Evans.

Diagnostic Evaluation

Treatment

Associated Syndromes

Conclusions

References

104. Neoplasms of the Small Intestine
Elizabeth G. Grubbs and Douglas S. Tyler.

Clinical Presentation

Diagnostic Imaging

Treatment

References

105. Neoplasms of the Vermiform Appendix and Peritoneum
Elizabeth G. Grubbs and Douglas S. Tyler.

Tumors of the Appendix

Neoplasms of the Peritoneum

References

106. Adenocarcinoma of the Colon and Rectum
Miguel A. Rodriguez-Bigas, Edward H. Lin, and Christopher H. Crane.

Pathology

Staging

Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer

Epidemiologic Risk Factors

Genetic Pathways in Colorectal Cancer

Tumor Markers

Molecular Markers for Prognosis

Colorectal Cancer Screening and Risk Factors for Colorectal Cancer

Surgical Anatomy

Colorectal Cancer Management

Surgical Management of Colorectal Cancer

Adjuvant Treatment of Colon Cancer

Immunotherapy

Stage IV Colorectal Cancer

Future Directions

References

107. Neoplasms of the Anus
Brenda Shank, Warren E. Enker, and Marshall S. Flam.

Gross and Microscopic Anatomy

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathology

Diagnosis

Staging

Treatment

Melanoma

References

Section 29: Genitourinary Tract

108. Renal Cell Carcinoma
Jerome P. Richie and Philip W. Kantoff.

Pathogenesis

Incidence

Etiology

Molecular Biology

Clinical Features

Radiographic Evaluation

Staging and Grading

Surgical Treatments

Adjuvant Therapy

Treatment of Metastatic Disease

Surgical Considerations for Metastatic Disease

Sarcomas of Renal Origin

Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)

Renal Oncocytoma

References

109. Neoplasms of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter
Jerome P. Richie and Philip W. Kantoff.

Etiologic Factors

Histopathology

Diagnosis

Staging

Treatment

Prognosis

Secondary Tumors of the Ureter

References

110. Bladder Cancer
Timothy D. Gilligan, Graeme S. Steele, Anthony L. Zietman, and Philip W. Kantoff.

Epidemiology

Biology

Pathology

Signs and Symptoms

Diagnostic Evaluation

Staging

Superficial Bladder Carcinoma

Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer

Chemotherapy for Metastatic Disease

Adenocarcinoma of the Bladder

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

References

111. Neoplasms of the Prostate
William K. Oh, Mark Hurwitz, Anthony V. D'Amico, Jerome P. Richie, and Philip W. Kantoff.

Epidemiology and Risk Factors

Biology of Prostate Cancer

Screening for Prostate Cancer

Diagnosis and Staging of Prostate Cancer

Prognostic Factors in Localized Prostate Cancer

Management of Localized Prostate Cancer

Radiation Therapy

Comparison of Treatment Options for Localized Prostate Cancer

Management of Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer

Management of Disseminated Cancer

Hormone-refractory Prostate Cancer

New Approaches to Prostate Cancer Therapy

References

112. Tumors of the Penis and Urethra
Donald F. Lynch.

Cancer of the Penis

Carcinoma of the Urethra

References

113. Testis Cancer
Nasser Hanna, Robert Timmerman, Richard S. Foster, Bruce J. Roth, Lawrence H. Einhorn, and Craig R. Nichols.

Epidemiology

Pathology

Clinical Presentation

Staging

Therapy

Therapy for Disseminated Disease

Treatment of Good-Risk Disseminated Germ Cell Tumors

Treatment of Patients with “Poor-Risk” Disseminated Disease

High-Dose Chemotherapy as Initial Salvage Therapy

Treatment of Multiply Recurrent Germ Cell Cancer

Special Situations

Long-Term Toxicity of Chemotherapy

Long-Term Toxicity of Radiation Therapy

Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumors

Unrecognized Germ Cell Tumor Syndrome

Acknowledgment

References

Section 30: Female Reproductive Organs

114. Neoplasms of the Vulva and Vagina
Jacob Rotmensch and S. Diane Yamada.

Cancer of the Vulva

Cancer of the Vagina

References

115. Neoplasms of the Cervix
Anuja Jhingran, Patricia J. Eifel, J. Taylor Wharton, and Guillermo Tortolero-Luna.

Epidemiology

Histologic classification of epithelial tumors

Natural history of carcinomas of the uterine cervix

Diagnosis and treatment of precancerous lesions

Diagnosis and treatment of invasive lesions

Radiation therapy

Current practice by disease stage

Future opportunities

References

116. Endometrial Cancer
Jamal Rahaman and Carmel J. Cohen.

Risk Factors

Pathology

Diagnosis

Staging

Prognostic Factors

Oncogene Activation and Loss of Tumor-Suppressor Function

Treatment of Primary Disease

Treatment of Recurrent Disease

Future

References

117. Neoplasms of the Fallopian Tube
Carmel J. Cohen and Jamal Rahaman.

Epidemiology

Clinical Presentation

Preoperative Diagnosis

Clinicopathologic Classification and Staging

Patterns of Spread

Prognostic Factors

Treatment

Prognosis

Other Malignant Fallopian Tube Neoplasms

References

118. Ovarian Cancer
Jonathan S. Berek and Robert C. Bast.

Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

Nonepithelial Ovarian Cancer

References

119. Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
Ross S. Berkowitz and Donald P. Goldstein.

Historical Perspective

Epidemiology

Histopathologic Classification of GTD

Molecular Pathogenesis

Natural History

Diagnosis

Staging

Therapy

Results of Therapy

Subsequent Pregnancies

Second Cancers

References

120. Gynecologic Sarcomas
Jamal Rahaman and Carmel J. Cohen.

Clinical Profile

Diagnosis

Sarcoma-Like Variants

Patterns of Spread

Prognostic Factors and Prognosis

Nonuterine Gynecologic Sarcomas

Surgical Treatment

Postsurgical Therapy for Gynecologic Sarcomas

Hormone Therapy

Radiation Therapy for Leiomyosarcoma

Radiation Therapy for Malignant Mixed Müllerian Tumors

Chemotherapy

Combination Therapy

References

Section 31: The Breast

121. Neoplasms of the Breast
Richard G. Margolese,, Gabriel N. Hortobagyi,, and Thomas A. Buchholz,.

Pathology

Epidemiology

Risk Factors

Breast Cancer Biology

Natural History and Prognostic Markers

Diagnosis and Screening

Staging and Classification

Psychosocial Aspects of Breast Cancer

Surgical Biology

The Role of Radiation for invasive Breast Cancer

Systemic Therapy of Breast Cancer

Systemic Adjuvant Therapy

Endocrine Therapy

Management of Metastatic Breast Cancer

Special Issues Regarding Therapy

Prevention of Invasive Breast Cancer in Women with Intraductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS)

Prevention of Invasive Breast Cancer in Women at Increased Risk

Perspectives

References

Pathology, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Breast Cancer Biology, Natural History and Prognostic Markers

Diagnosis and screening, Staging and classification, Psychological aspects of breast cancer, Surgical biology

The Role of Radiation for Invasive Breast Cancer

Systemic Therapy of Breast Cancer, systemic adjuvant therapy, endocrine therapy

Management of Metastatic Breast Cancer, special issues regarding therapy, prevention of invasive breast cancer in women with intraductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), prevention of invasive breast cancer in women at increased risk, perspectives

Additional Readings

Section 32: The Skin

122. Malignant Melanoma
Donald L. Morton, Richard Essner, John M. Kirkwood, and Robert C. Wollman.

History of Melanoma

Epidemiology and Etiology

Familial Melanoma

Precursor Lesions

Clinical Characteristics

Prognostic Features of Clinically Localized Disease

Prognostic Features of Regional Lymph Node Metastases

Prognostic Features of Distant Metastases

Management of Primary Melanoma

Management of Regional Lymph Nodes

Management of Distant Metastases

Future Horizons

References

123. Other Skin Cancers
Victor A. Neel and Arthur J. Sober.

Ultraviolet Radiation in the Genesis of Skin Cancers

Tumors Arising from the Epidermis

Tumors Arising from Mucosa

Tumors Arising from Dermis

Tumors Arising from Appendages

Benign Cutaneous Tumors Associated with Cancer Syndromes

Metastatic Tumors to the Skin

References

Section 33: Bone And Soft Tissue

124. Bone Tumors
Dempsey Springfield and Gerald Rosen.

Staging

Biopsy

Surgery

Chemotherapy

Radiation therapy

Specific bone tumors

References

125. Soft-Tissue Sarcomas
Peter W.T. Pisters and Brian O'Sullivan.

Etiology

Screening

Clinical Presentation, Classification, and Diagnosis

Staging and Prognostic Factors

Treatment of Localized Primary Disease of the Extremities

Treatment of Locally Advanced Disease

Treatment of Metastatic Disease

Management of Local Recurrence

Signal Transduction Inhibition for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors and Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans

Retroperitoneal Sarcomas

Additional Issues in Soft-Tissue Sarcoma Management

Summary

References

Section 34: Hematopoietic System

126. The Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Lewis R. Silverman.

History

Classification

Etiology

Pathobiology

Clinical Management

Future Directions

References

127. Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Adults
Charles A. Schiffer and Richard M. Stone.

Pathogenesis and Etiology

Morphologic Classification and Clinical and Laboratory Correlates

Presenting Signs and Symptoms

Therapy

Other Supportive Care and Therapeutic Approaches

Complications

Summary

References

128. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Richard T. Silver.

Incidence and Epidemiology

Etiology

Clinical and Hematologic Characteristics

Terminal Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Pathophysiology

Cytogenetics

Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization Test

Molecular Biology of CML

Treatment

Treatment of Blast Crisis Other than with Imatinib Mesylate

Bone Marrow Transplantation

Imatinib Mesylate

Management of CML in 2003

References

129. Adult Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Guillermo Garcia-Manero, Hagop M. Kantarjian, and Charles A. Schiffer.

Classification

Genetic and Molecular Alterations

Cytogenetic-Molecular Differences in Childhood and Adult ALL

Evaluation of Minimal Residual Disease

Pharmacogenomics and Mechanism of Drug Resistance

Epidemiology and Etiology

Clinical Presentation and Laboratory Characteristics

Treatment

Central Nervous System Prophylaxis and Therapy

Prognosis Factors in Adult ALL

Salvage Therapy for refractory or Relapsed ALL

Summary and Future Directions in Adult ALL

References

130. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Kanti R. Rai and Michael J. Keating.

Historical Perspective

Pathogenesis and Etiology

Immunobiology and Immunophenotype of CLL cells

Clinical Consequences of Defective B- and T-Cell Functions

Natural History and Terminal Events

Clinical Staging and Other Prognostic Features

Treatment

Conclusion

References

131. Hairy Cell Leukemia
Harvey M. Golomb and James W. Vardiman.

Epidemiology and etiology

Diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia

Clinical manifestation

Differential diagnosis

Treatment

Future prospects

References

132. Mast Cell Leukemia and Other Mast Cell Neoplasms
Richard M. Stone and Steven H. Bernstein.

Mast Cell Biology

Mast Cell Leukemia and Other Mast Cell Neoplasms

References

133. Hodgkin's Disease
Peter M. Mauch, Lawrence Weiss, and James O. Armitage.

History

Epidemiology and Etiology

Pathology

Treatment of Stage I-II Hodgkin's Disease

Treatment of Advanced Hodgkin's Disease

Summary

References

134. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas
Arnold S. Freedman and Lee M. Nadler.

Epidemiology and etiology

Pathology, immunobiology, and natural history of NHL

Cytogenetics and molecular basis of NHL

Differential diagnosis and sites of disease at presentation

Staging and disease detection

Disease parameters influencing prognosis and assessment of response

Therapeutic approaches according to REAL/WHO classification

New therapeutic approaches

References

135. Mycosis Fungoides and the Sézary Syndrome
Richard T. Hoppe and Youn H. Kim.

Epidemiology and Etiology

Pathology/Pathogenesis

Natural History

Diagnosis

Staging and Prognosis

Therapy

References

136. Plasma Cell Tumors
Noopur Raje, Teru Hideshima, and Kenneth C. Anderson.

Multiple Myeloma

Biology

Prognostic Factors

Treatment

Other Plasma Cell Dyscrasias

References

137. The Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders: Essential Thrombocythemia, Myelofibrosis with Myeloid Metaplasia, and Polycythemia Vera
David P. Steensma and Ayalew Tefferi.

Essential Thrombocythemia

Myelofibrosis with Myeloid Metaplasia

Polycythemia Vera

References

Section 35: Neoplasms in Aids

138. Neoplasms in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
David T. Scadden.

Epidemiology

Kaposi Sarcoma

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Hodgkin Disease

Squamous Cell Neoplasia

References

Section 36: Unknown Primary Site

139. Neoplasms of Unknown Primary Site
John D. Hainsworth and F. Anthony Greco.

Poorly Differentiated Neoplasms

Adenocarcinoma of Unknown Primary Site

Squamous Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site

Squamous Cell Carcinoma Involving Inguinal Lymph Nodes

Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site

Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site

Summary and Future Directions

References

Part VII Pediatric Oncology, Section 37: Pediatric Oncology

140a. Pediatric Oncology: Principles and Practice
Gregory H. Reaman.

References

140b. Incidence, Origins, Epidemiology
Leslie L. Robison.

Acute leukemia

Central nervous system tumors

Lymphomas

Neuroblastoma

Retinoblastoma

Wilms tumor

Bone tumors

Rhabdomyosarcoma

References

140c. Late Effects of Treatment of Cancer in Children and Adolescents
Daniel M. Green.

Central Nervous System

Vision

Hearing

Teeth

Salivary Glands

The Heart

Lungs

Kidneys

The Bladder

the Liver

The Intestine

Musculoskeletal System

Endocrine System

Second Malignant Tumors

References

141a. Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Paul S. Gaynon, Anne L. Angiolillo, Janet L. Franklin, and Gregory H. Reaman.

Heterogeneity

Induction

Morphological Response and Outcome

Minimal Residual Disease

Post Induction Intensification

Parenteral Methotrexate and Rescue

Presymptomatic Central Nervous System Therapy

Bone Marrow Transplantation in First Remission

Relapse

Conclusions

References

141b. Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Children
Richard Aplenc and Beverly Lange.

Epidemiology

Etiology

Classification and Diagnosis

Presentation

Therapy

Prognosis

Complications

Conclusion

References

141c. Primary Central Nervous System Tumors of the Infant and Child
Tobey J. MacDonald and Brian R. Rood.

General Epidemiology

Tumor Biology

Treatment

Astrocytic Tumors

Embryonal Tumors

Ependymal Tumors

Germ Cell Tumors

References

141d. Hodgkin's Disease
James Nachman.

Biology

Clinical Presentation and Staging

Treatment

Second Malignant Neoplasms

Cardiac Disease

Pulmonary Toxicity

Fertility Issues

Hypothyroidism

References

141e. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Children
Mitchell S. Cairo, Elizabeth Raetz, and Sherrie Perkins.

Epidemiology

Pathology of Pediatric Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Clinical Presentation and Staging

General Principles of Treatment

Summary/Future Considerations

Acknowledgments

References

142a. Less-Frequently Encountered Tumors of Childhood
Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo and Alberto S. Pappo.

Retinoblastoma

Principles of Treatment

Germ Cell Tumors

Tumors of the Liver

Carcinomas and Melanoma

References

142b. Renal Tumors of Childhood
Paul E. Grundy, Michael L. Ritchey, Elizabeth J. Perlman, and John A. Kalapurakal.

Epidemiology

Molecular Biology and Genetics

Pathology

Clinical Presentation

Preoperative Evaluation

Staging

Therapy

Prognostic Factors

Long-Term Follow-Up

Acknowledgment

References

142c. Neuroblastoma
John M. Maris and Suzanne Shusterman.

Epidemiology

Molecular Pathogenesis

Pathology

Diagnosis and Staging

Diagnosis and Evaluation

Staging

Prognostic Considerations

Principles of Initial Therapy

The Concept of Risk-Related Therapy

Conclusions and Future Considerations

References

142d. Soft-Tissue Sarcomas
William H. Meyer.

Rhabdomyosarcoma

NRSTS

Future Research

Acknowledgments

References

142e. Bone Tumors
Richard G. Gorlick, Jeffrey A. Toretsky, Neyssa Marina, Suzanne L. Wolden, R. Lor. Randall, Mark C. Gebhardt, Lisa A. Teot, and Mark Bernstein.

Osteosarcoma

Ewing sarcoma

Chondrosarcoma

Radiation oncology

Surgery

Summary and Conclusions

References

143a. Unique Pathologic Features of Childhood Cancer
Kadria Sayed and David M. Parham.

Distinct morphologic features

Resemblance to embryonal tissue

Frequent occurrence of undifferentiated tumors

Infrequent association of childhood neoplasms with precursor lesions

Summary

References

143b. Special Considerations for Young Adults and Older Adolescents
W. Archie Bleyer and Karen Albritton.

Definition of Older Adolescent and Young Adult

Epidemiology

Diagnosis

Treatment

Lack of Participation in Clinical Trials

Survival

Summary

References

Part VIII Complications, Section 38: Complications of Cancer and its Treatment

144. Cancer Anorexia and Cachexia
Takao Ohnuma.

Incidence

Etiology

Manifestations of Cachexia

Treatment of Cachexia

Epilogue

References

145. Antiemetic Therapy with Chemotherapy
Richard Gralla.

Physiology and pharmacology in controlling emesis

Emetic problems

Control of emesis and patient characteristics

Treatment of acute chemotherapy-induced emesis

Controlling emesis in special situations

Pharmacoeconomics, quality of life, and antiemetics

Conclusion

References

146. Neurologic Complications
Lisa M. DeAngelis and Jerome B. Posner.

Metastases

Nonmetastatic Complications

References

147. Dermatologic Complications of Cancer Chemotherapy
Narin Apisarnthanarax and Madeleine M. Duvic.

Alopecia

Stomatitis

Nail Reactions

Extravasation Reactions

Hyperpigmentation

Radiation-associated Reactions

Photosensitivity Reactions

Inflammation of Keratoses

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Acral Erythema

Neutrophilic Eccrine Hidradenitis

Eccrine Squamous Syringometaplasia

Cutaneous Eruption of Lymphocyte Recovery

Miscellaneous Reactions

References

148. Skeletal Complications
Samuel Kenan and Jeffrey I. Mechanick.

Skeletal Metastases

Steroid-Induced Skeletal Complications

Methotrexate-Induced Osteopathy

Skeletal Complications Secondary to Radiation Therapy

References

149. Hematologic Complications and Blood Bank Support
Richard M. Kaufman and Kenneth C. Anderson.

Normal Hematopoiesis

Hematopoiesis

Causes of Pancytopenia

Abnormalities of Red Cells and Red Cell Support

Abnormalities of White Cells and White Cell Support

Abnormalities of Platelets and Platelet Support

Other Therapeutic Modalities

Effects of Transfusion on the Immune System

Transfusion-Associated Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Transfusion-Related Infectious Diseases

Future Directions in Blood Component Therapy

Conclusion

References

150. Coagulopathic Complications of Cancer Patients
Maria T. DeSancho and Jacob H. Rand.

Physiology of Normal Hemostasis

Relationship of Coagulation System and Cancer

Bleeding Disorders

Anticancer Effects of Anticoagulation Treatment

Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia

Novel Drugs for Treatment of Bleeding and Thrombotic Disorders

Summary

References

151. Urologic Complications
Christopher J. Logothetis, Vasily Assikis, and Jose E. Sarriera.

Complications Resulting from Primary Cancer Progression

Algorithm for the Management of Urinary Obstruction

Radiation Nephritis

Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Nephrotoxicity of Cancer Therapeutic Agents

Monitoring for Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity

References

152. Cardiac Complications
Michael S. Ewer, Robert S. Benjamin, and Edward T.H. Yeh.

Evaluation of the cardiovascular system in the cancer patient

Metastatic involvement of cardiac structures

Cardiac effects of mediator release from tumors

Cardiac dysrhythmia in the cancer patient

Cardiac complications of cancer treatment

References

153. Respiratory Complications
John C. Ruckdeschel, John Greene, K. Eric Sommers, and Karen K. Fields.

Respiratory infections in patients with cancer

Surgical complications causing dyspnea in cancer patients

References

154. Liver Function and Hepatotoxicity in Cancer
Laurie D. DeLeve.

Alterations in Hepatic Metabolism of Drugs

Liver Toxicity and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Hepatotoxicity by Anticancer Therapy

Conclusions

References

155. Gastrointestinal Complications
Frank A. Sinicrope.

Esophageal Carcinoma

Esophagitis

Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Pseudomembranous Colitis

Typhlitis

Ileus and Bowel Obstruction

Acute Colonic Pseudoobstruction

Diarrhea Chemotherapy and Radiation-Related Diarrhea

Biliary Obstruction

Hepatic Complications of Bone Marrow Transplantation

Ascites

Acute Pancreatitis

Radiation Coloproctitis and Proctitis

Anorectal Complications

References

156. Oral Complications
Stephen T. Sonis and Joseph W. Costa.

Pretreatment Assessment

Oral Complications of Radiotherapy

Oral Complications of Cancer Chemotherapy

Oral Complications Associated with Bone Marrow Transplantation

References

157. Gonadal Complications
Catherine E. Klein.

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis

Historical Background

Preclinical Studies

Effects of Chemotherapy on Gonadal Function

Effects of Radiation Therapy on Gonadal Function

Protective Measures

Outcomes of Pregnancy

Psychosocial Issues

References

158. Endocrine Complications and Paraneoplastic Syndromes
Sai-Ching Jim. Yeung and Robert F. Gagel.

Endocrine Complications

Endocrine Paraneoplastic Syndromes (“Ectopic” Hormone Production)

References

159. Secondary Cancers: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Management
Susan R. Rheingold, Alfred I. Neugut, and Anna T. Meadows.

Incidence of Secondary Cancer

Clinical Characteristics

Shared Environmental Risk Factors

Genetic Risk Factors

Therapy-Related Secondary Cancers

Conclusion

References

Section 39: Infection in the Cancer Patient

160. Infections in Patients with Cancer
Kenneth V.I. Rolston and Gerald P. Bodey.

Factors Responsible for Increased Susceptibility to Infections

Bacterial Infections

Fungal Infections

Viral Infections

Protozoal Infections

Other Parasitic Infections

Abdominal Infection

Perianal Infections

Skin Infections

Therapy of Infections in Neutropenic Patients

Infection Prevention

Perspectives

References

Section 40: Oncologic Emergencies

161. Oncologic Emergencies
Sai-Ching Jim. Yeung and Carmen P. Escalante.

Approach to Acutely Ill Cancer Patients

Circulatory Oncologic Emergencies

Respiratory Oncologic Emergencies

Neurologic Oncologic Emergencies

Other Oncologic Emergencies

References

Part IX Informatics, Section 41: Oncology and Informatics

162. Oncology Informatics
Edward P. Ambinder.

Healthcare Policy and Information Technology

Medical and Oncologic Informatics

Overview of Computers

Internet

Information Management

Major Internet Resources of Interest to the Oncologist

Cancer.gov

Clinical and Research Uses of Computers in Medical Oncology

References